what supporting material would you use to supplement the logos of your persuasive argument

Learning Objectives

Define persuasive strategies using logos.

Remember that logos refers to the use of logical reasoning in an argument.

Using ideas of philosopher Stephen Toulmin, who studied how arguments piece of work in everyday advice, we tin break up an statement into dissimilar parts to help understand how they are structured

There are six elements for analyzing or presenting arguments that are of import to the Toulmin method. When you're preparing a speech, you can include these elements to ensure your audience will come across the validity of your claims.^[ane]

These are the six parts of an argument in Toulmin'due south model:

1. Merits: conclusions whose merit must be established. For instance, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the merits would be "I am a British citizen."
2. Data: the facts appealed to equally a foundation for the merits. For instance, the person introduced in Part ane can back up his merits with the supporting data "I was born in Bermuda." The data is your testify or proof supporting the claim.
3. Warrant: the reasoning that connects the information to the claim. In order to move from the data established in Part 2, "I was born in Bermuda," to the claim in Office ane, "I am a British citizen," the person must supply a warrant to bridge the gap between Parts i and two with the argument, "A human being born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen." Toulmin stated that an argument is just as strong equally its weakest warrant and if a warrant isn't valid, then the whole argument collapses. Therefore, it is of import to have strong, valid warrants.
4. Backing: facts that requite credibility to the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must exist introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. For example, if the listener does not deem the warrant as credible, the speaker would supply legal documents every bit backing argument to show that information technology is true that "A homo built-in in Bermuda will legally exist a British citizen."
5. Rebuttal: statements recognizing the restrictions to which the claim may legitimately exist applied. The rebuttal is exemplified as follows: "A man born in Bermuda will legally be a British citizen, unless he has betrayed Britain and go a spy of another country."
6. Qualifier: words or phrases expressing how sure the author/speaker is concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include possible, probably, impossible, certainly, presumably, as far as the evidence goes, or necessarily. The claim "I am definitely a British citizen" has a greater degree of forcefulness than the claim "I am a British citizen, presumably."

The starting time 3 elements (claim, data, and warrant) are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the final three elements (backing, rebuttal, and qualifier) may non be needed in all arguments.

Toulmin'southward model of argumentation

A Deeper Dive

The following video introduces the components of the Toulmin model.

Yous can view the transcript for "The Toulmin Model of Argumentation" here (opens in new window).

To Scout: President Obama, "Accost to the Nation on Syria"

In this video, Steven Klien, acquaintance didactics professor of communication at the University of Missouri, uses the Toulmin model to clarify President Obama'southward 2013 speech announcing air strikes against Syrian regime forces. Klien's explanation of Toulmin'due south model is very articulate and thorough, so yous may want to sentinel it in its entirety, merely for our purposes, the relevant department is 11:47 through 21:00.

You lot can view the transcript for "The Toulmin Model of Argument" here (opens in new window).

Toulmin's Method Examples

Example ane

Suppose yous watch a commercial for a product that promises to give you whiter teeth. Hither are the bones parts of the argument behind the commercial:

1. Claim: You should buy our molar-whitening product.
2. Data: Studies bear witness that teeth are 50% whiter subsequently using the product for a specified time.
3. Warrant: People want whiter teeth.
4. Bankroll: Celebrities want whiter teeth.
5. Rebuttal: Commercial says, "unless you don't want to evidence your real smile."
6. Qualifier: Fine impress says, "product must be used six weeks for results."

Observe that those commercials don't commonly bother trying to convince y'all that y'all desire whiter teeth; instead, they assume that you have bought into the value our civilization places on whiter teeth. When an supposition—a warrant in Toulmin's terms—is unstated, it's called an implicit warrant. Sometimes, however, the warrant may need to be stated because it is a powerful part of the argument. When the warrant is stated, information technology's called an explicit warrant.

Example 2

1. Claim: People should probably own a gun.
2. Information: Studies testify that people who own a gun are less probable to be mugged.
3. Warrant: People want to be safe.
4. Backing: May non be necessary. In this instance, it is common sense that people want to exist safety.
5. Rebuttal: Not anybody should own a gun. Children and those will mental disorders/bug should not own a gun.
6. Qualifier: The word "probably" in the claim.

How would y'all appraise the strength of the warrant in this statement?

Example 3

1. Claim: Flag called-for should be unconstitutional in most cases.
2. Data: A national poll says that sixty% of Americans want flag burning to be unconstitutional.
3. Warrant: People desire to respect the flag.
4. Backing: Official government procedures for the disposal of flags.
5. Rebuttal: Not everyone in the U.S. respects the flag.
6. Qualifier: The phrase "in almost cases."

How would you assess the strength of the data in this statement?

Try Information technology

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-publicspeaking/chapter/persuasive-strategies-using-logos/

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